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【All for Today】🎙️ 每日播客精要全景图
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Y Combinator Startup Podcast
(1)
Why Domain Experts Are Winning In The Age Of AI
42m
2026/06/19
📝 AI
总结
You need to have a certain amount of expertise to know what to do with this boundless intelligence that's im mute in the model. And I think this is where.🎼Folks with experience, folks that have spent know, decade plus in this industry.They know how to create something like this because they can leverage the model's underlying capability to create something that's just world class. So many businesses, they have a great product. They have a great service, but there's just so much sort of a net opportunity for these business owners, for these founders. And I'm really just here to make it easier for them to tap into it.Welcome back to another episode of the Light Cone. Today, we're joined by Bryant Cho, co foundunder and CTTO of Webflow, which created 1% of all websites live today. Bryant is back in the current YC batch with a brand new startup called Ploy, which is taking the work he did on Webflow to the next level, Bryant, Wee to the light Coe. Thanks for having me. So what is Ploy. We're looking at it right now. kind of looks like a lot of the other things you might use.To vibe code. But it's actually way more awesome than that. It is a website platform. You can build really incredible bespoke award winning websites with play, but it doesn't just stop there. The premises is that your website has all this traffic. It has all this data. and what we're doing is we're building entire marketing platform to help you run your business to help you run your ads, help you find your customers, help you make your website copy. But then also, most importantly.Help you get found by Chad G, help you get found by perplexity and Clade so that businesses can run their marketing on autopilot. kind of sounds like hiring the perfect CMO who out also is a designer and who can code. That's actually kind of my background. So like I started as a CTO of Webflow. But then I also let our marketing teams. I also started our sales teams. So I'm just taking all that knowledge. And I'm baking it into play. Okay, so that sounds like founder market fit a triple unicorn, making the AI triple.😊Unicorn for everyone in the world, like the other 98% of websites could really use this. That's right. So what you're seeing is that it's sure, like a vibe coat sort of U I UX. But you're also getting stuff out of the box that you wouldn't normally get. So you get all of these sort of integrations. But then most importantly, you get all this traffic. So what I actually did was just to show off.Pys web design skills. I loaded your old startup website. Yeah, this is mine. This is posterous, does simple blogs by email. You can see the little, the Gmail buttons and things like that. What did you built the site, Gary,2008. So, you know, if it looks dated, it is. So we dropped in deploy. And we essentially said, hey, go and recreate this website employee. And this is what it created. Oh my god. wow, gorgeous. So this is not 20.posterous. It is truly 2026 postous. Be careful because now that you've created, I might have to actually write a million lines of code and make it real again. This is definitely a Google video video and all these sort of prompts and sort of knowledge about how to create these type of videos are embedded into play. Yeah, I mean, once you're in the land of doing image gen and video gen. there's just a lot you have to do around curation and proper prompting. It's kind of like a dark art. actually, So being able to start off.😊With the thousand examples that you've already pulled together. I mean, that's context in action. Jared, I also got yours coming up. We also took Scriib. We went back in the way back machine, Scrid from 2007, YouTube adultphs. You can keep the documents. I remember fiddling with the C S S to try to make that look right. How did you even host this back in the day. This was before AWS. This is on a physical server. originallyig physically in my dorm room closet. which is how I learned that servers are loud. So this.Is what Floy redesigned it to. Oh bring into 2026. And this is basically like, you basically just gave it the old website I like told it to go with maybe like a short prompt and then just like went and just like brought it up to Toy 26. That's right. So its actually went to the way back machines URL, understood the contents and then understood the context of your business and then it was like, oh, cool, we're bringing this business back. Let's go and redesign it for the modern era. Yeah, it's interesting because it's not merely web design. It's actually understanding memory.Reasoning, really like a marketing company brain. That's right. That's right. And asset generation, Like, I remember like packing the day to like, make images like this, you to hire like a team of designers And it was so slow and expensive. and like animations, like what you did for Gary site. That was like impossible like impossible. Yeah, like unaffordable for any startup. Yeah, oh man, this is hard as automatic 2007. Yeah, automatic sof...(已截断)
The Diary Of A CEO with Steven Bartlett
(1)
Most Replayed Moment: The 4 Personalities Living In Your Brain! How To Switch Between Them
25m
2026/06/19
📝 AI
总结
🎼 🎼Oh。So you said there's four personalities in everybody's brain. What are those four personalities as we're looking at the brain, just from an anatomical perspective.The way evolution happens for the mammalian brain is that there are creatures who have a spinal cord and they have, and then, and there are creatures like that, like worms. And then a little brain, a little medulla will form at the top of that tissue. And then now that brain controls and streamlines information processing to the rest of the system. And then we add a ponds. It's just a structure of cells. So this is the medulla. we would have spinal cord there. And this is the.Pos the paws is a group of.. Yeah, it's a smaller bread. And in relationship to that ponds is this cerebellum. And the cerebellum has this gorgeous cell in it called the Pergenji cell. And they're, they're like a hand. They're like, you know, two dimensional. And they all line up like this. And then fibers run through those.And it's part of the mechanism of timing so that you have fluidity of movement because of the way those cells are aligned. So not all cells are created equal and not all cells look alike cells have the right shape for the right job. So as then we grow. And now we have the mammalian brain. We're going to have the hippocampus. You've heard of that for learning and memory. The amygdala. You've heard that for am I safe. am I safe. Are you safe.😊The amygdala. Yeah, there's a group of cells right there that is scanning constantly. Am I safe, Am I, Am I safe, And you're fine until you're not safe. Okay, so like threat detection. Yes, that's exactly what it is. you have two emotional systems, one in your left hemisphere and one in your right hemisphere.And the right hemisphere is going to be right here right now. Am I safe in the right here right now. So let's say all of a sudden, the snake went by, and we would jump. We would startle because it's your right amygdala saying, oh my gosh, Am I safe. And then the left hemisphere is going. oh my gosh, it's a snake. No, I'm not safe. Push it away.And when we're calm, that's when the hippocampi because we have two amygdala, one in each hemisphere, two hippocamp I, one in each hemisphere. And when the amygdala are calm and you feel safe now you can learn and focus, focus with the answer with a singular gyrus and learn new things. So so you know, these groups of cells. Now, if you wipe out an amygdala, you're not going feel unfair. you wipe out a language center, you're not going have any language. you wipe out motor skills to your index finger and you can't your parallel.😊So every ability you have is because we have these brain cells that perform that function.So for the four parts of us, so we have.An emotional system in each hemisphere. The emotional system of the right hemisphere. This is a right here right now machine.Right here right now. That's all it has. Don't have the past. Don't have the future. Don't know who you are. Doest have anxiety, depression. Well, it has anxiety.But most of that is going to be based in the left hemisphere, because this machine, the left hemisphere, has linearity across time. So this emotional system is remembering every traumatic event that ever happened to you that you don't want to have happen again. Is that where trauma lives in the brain. Thomas is living in there as is addiction. Add, There's a group of cells in here called the insular cortex. And that's where craving is. And that's part of the limbic system of the left hemisphere. And if you wipe out craving.You still have an addiction. So this is so so let me just keep going. So we have these two emotional systems and then we have these two thinking systems and the thinking system is what distinguish us as humans from all of mammals. Okay, so our mammals, our dogs love us. They're in a question about that. our dogs can punish us when we're not very, you know, we don't show up and we've sent them to doggy care. if they're not happy about that. So mammals have other forms, but we.Have this higher executive functioning. And in the right hemisphere, it's right here right now. And in the left hemisphere, it's all about me because in there in that thinking is my ego center in that prefrontal region. I me. I exist. Hi back here. orientation association area. I begin and I end here. This is the package of me. the individual. I have a language. I can create language. I can understand language. I can read. I can write. I have mathematics in there.And this motor system controls the opposite side of my body.So that's a personality. So what are the to summarize them, What are the four types. Okay, so I when I look at a brain.And this is totally randomly named. And I did that because I had to communicate about it somewhere. So I call left thinking character 1.And I actually give that part of my brain a name. I call her Helen. Helen Wel. She gets it done. You're talking to Helen right now. She's giving you facts and details. She is all a...(已截断)
忽左忽右
(1)477 「广州湾」风云:从雷州半岛和湛江历史看近代中法越的跨境变迁
1h 26m
2026/06/19
📝 AI
总结
🎼 う。🎼Just pod.各位听众大家好,欢迎收听这一期的忽左忽右,我是陈彦良。前段时间我在微信公号上刷到了一则中山大学历史系的讲座预告,主题很有趣,名字叫近代中法关系史的南方视业,法属印度支那与广州湾主讲人是一位留学法国的青年学者伍子奇博士。他主要的研究方向是近代中法关系和粤西南的区域史,也就是今天广东省。西南部雷州半岛这个地方的一个近代历史。吴子琪老师自己确实就是一位出生在岳西南的人,他的老家在湛江。今天我们会谈到的这个广州湾租界地,恰恰就在湛江呃,我想很多人可能都过去跟我一样望文生义啊,以为广州湾指的是珠江三角洲,广州附近的这个海域,其实完全不是广州湾指的是今天广东省西南部雷州半岛上的湛江市啊,曾经。租借给法国的大片的土地,既包括陆上的土地,也包括海域。但我想相比起澳门、香港、旅大、威海卫、胶州湾,我感觉在中国近代划给这些帝国主义势力的租界地啊,殖民地当中,广州湾的存在感应该是最低的。所以今天就把吴老师请到了忽左忽右。我们聊一聊这一段粤西南的非常独特的近代历史。先请吴老师来给大家打个招呼吧。州湾。你好,各位听众好,我现在是在巴黎。因为我这几年都在法国留学。那么现在就是在巴黎远程的跟上海连线来讲广州湾的这个话题。对,因为上海也是一个和近代法国关联很深的这样的一个城市嘛。而且你现在应该是在那个法国社会科学高等研究学院正在攻读博士。呃,我看到好像你对于广州湾的研究,对于这个湛江本土历史的一个研究,是不是在过去已经有很。长一段时间的积累了,能跟我们谈一谈你对这一块的一个研究兴趣的一个开始吗?好,就确实上海跟法国联系很多,上海应该也是现在国内法国人最多的一个城市。嗯,然后我是湛江人,就是我生在湛江,我是从本科到硕士到现在读博的阶段,选的题目基本上都是广州湾,最早的一个出发点是我对近代历史感兴趣。那么再加上又对家乡历史感兴趣嗯。我们的团队其实有一个slogan嘛,就一个口号就是说是古代高雷近代广州湾,现代代战将。嗯,我们一脉相承,就是其实是把整个地区的这个历史脉络连接起来,就是在近代以前,广州湾所处的这个地方叫做高州府雷州府。那么到近代法国人要求这个租界地之后,形成了广州湾的这个租界地。那么到了1945年之后,中国政府收回广州湾改名为。湛江设置一个湛江市。那么所以从1945年到1949年新中国的成立,然后又设置了新的湛江市是这么一个关系。所以大家一听广州湾会以为是在广州确实大部分会这下,但实际上它是在广东的西南部,现在的名称呢是湛江。我觉得广东省内在大众文化里面最核心的一个,当然是这个广府区域啊,就是说广府话的比较核心的区域,可能。就省港澳可以都算另一块就是最近很火热的这个潮汕地区,这个是在广东的东面,它这个属于这个闽南语系的一个分支那边的人跟福建接壤。但是你所在的这个湛江,以及刚刚提到雷州半岛,它是在广东的最南侧和最西侧,它的一个西南角。我以前看到过一个方言地图啊,好像潮汕和闽南语系的有一个方言岛,是不是也就在那一块,它有点那种海上移民在那边形成自己的一个。😊语言代的这样的一些面貌。对,比如说像广东省博物馆就会说我们广东有三大名细,分别是广府名细,然后潮汕名细,还有客家名细。在这个划分之中呢,其实广东西南部呢就会有点被遗漏。那么所以也有些人提出雷州明细,就是是作为第四个明细的补充。像陈主播讲的就是雷州半岛呢主要是讲雷州话。雷州话在语言学的划分里面呢是闽南语系的一种。然而他的。这个呃雷州话呢又和潮汕话又和闽南话呢是有一些不同,可能大概只有5成六成的相似。对,比如说他可能跟海南话,海南话也算是闽南语系呃,可能会相似一些。但总的来说,它是跟广州话是不能对话的。但我们说的这是雷州半岛。那么在雷州半岛往东边一点就是高州府的地方。高州府地方呢又是讲一种粤语方言。所以当法国人来了广州湾之后,就会发现当地方言很复杂,他们也很困惑,就是隔着一条海湾,两边的人就是很不相似的两种明细吧。嗯,那么如果我们到了湛江市区的话,比如说到了市坎区,到了峡山区会发现大部分人是讲湛江白话,湛江白话呢属于是。广府话的或者是粤语方言的一种。这种湛江白话呢,其实是由商人带过来的,就是从清代以来,很多来自广府地区,来自潮汕地区等等的商人来到赤卡去经营。那么他们所候使用的这个语言,就是以广州话为主。因为当时广州话其实是一种强势的一种商业语言。那么大家来自各个地方人在这里做生意。那么怎么兑换呢?他们就选择了是广州话。一位展馆的话,既可以在香港使用,也可以在广州使用,也可以在澳门使用,甚至可以在越南的。比如说在西贡,在堤岸,在海防等等都可以使用。所以渐渐呢就形成了湛江白话的这么一个使用的区域在赤坎,然后到峡山,就我们可能现在湛江白话所有人口可能有100多200万人吧。哦,就先给我们的这个听众大致的一个地理概念啊。因为涉及到这个广东的西南角,就一般看。看过中国地图的都会有一个印象吧,就是那个西南角上是有一个半岛的一个突出部向南伸出,然后它是直接对接着这个海南中间呃有一个琼州海峡。那么广州湾其实就是在这样的一个半岛东侧的一个拐角上。对,从地理来说,雷州府就包括了雷州半岛上面的三个县,分别是海康县、穗西县徐文县。那么广州湾呢就是坐落在雷州半岛北部的这个穗西县的东边的一块。地方但此外,除了这个地方之外,隔着一条海湾,就是雷州半岛东边的这条海湾过去就是到了高州府的吴川县。所以呢广州湾可以理解为一部分是由雷州府遂溪县组成,另外一部分是由高州府的吴川线组成。然后他们中间是隔着一道海湾。那么在海湾的出海口地方,还有一些岛屿,比较大的是东海岛,还有饶州岛,然后。我就是得大致可以理解两片陆地加上一些岛屿组成了广州湾租界地。所以广州湾其实是一个陆地的概念,我可以这么理解吗?它其实不能望文深义的认为它是一个海湾。它其中确实是有海湾,在这个海湾分隔的2块陆地,加上岛屿,共同组成了广州湾的租界地。广州湾。对,然后雷州半岛呢确实是属于北部湾的地区,就是它是在北部湾的东边嘛。对,北部湾就包括雷州半岛。包括现在的广西的沿海,以及包括越南的北部以及海南岛这么一个区域,组成了北部湾这海域。那么雷州半岛。嗯,但我们提到北部湾的时候,就完全讲的是一个海上的概念了。它就是一个这个中国和越南之间夹角处的这样的一个海湾和一片这种海洋带。对北部湾更早在西方沦陷,或者是在西方的地图里面叫做东京湾,这个东京又不是日本东京的是越南的河。就是曾经是被称为东京,就是以及他整个越南北部地方,就是通ing。在汉文当中一般是写为北齐,因为它是在越南是在北边,所以叫北齐。嗯,顺便我再问一下,就是我看到过去的一些皖清和民国的地图。你会看到其实除了雷州半岛以外,再往西一侧,就是到今天的广西北海市,它的一个沿海这块区域。在过去长期以来也是属于广东的管辖地界的。只不过。到后来可能随着省界的一个调整,就这块好像彻底并入广西了。就这这个中间的历史。为什么这块在以前也是归广东管?对,就是广西在在我们很长的历史当中呢,是没有出海口的。嗯,就是现在广西的北海钦州樊城港三个城市,在清代以前呢属于连州府和青州府就青年地区。我们讲那这些地方长期都是属于广东省的。那么直到了是。新中国成立之后呢,就会有些行政的调整,大概到1963年才正式把钦州、北海、樊城三个地方移交给广西。然后广西呢就是把靠近广东,在山区的一个怀集县划给广东,就是交换了一些这个行政的管辖。那么更深的目的是为了给广西提供一片沿海地区,以及提供一个出海口,现在建成了北部湾港。嗯,涉及到这个雷州半岛的历史和。湛江的历史中间有很大的一块是这个1898年到1945年期间,法国人在这边将近半个世纪的一个租界这样的一个殖民治理啊。嗯,这里面可能要涉及一些可能1898年之前的湛江,它是一个什么样的一个状态。好像我看到您提到了,其实在这之前雷州半岛,它其实本身也在一个环南海的贸易网络当中是一个还挺重要的贸易据点。刚刚我们讲到就是广东西南部呢?在清代来说,一种说的叫下士府,就是大概是在广州省城以下的就是高雷青连四个府的地方。那么雷州府就是下市府之一。那么雷州半岛的与海外的这个贸易联系,其实从汉代开始就已经有。我们说海上丝绸之路的一个出发的港口,除了现在的广西北海的合浦之外,另一个呢就是雷州半岛南边的徐稳。那么唐代呢又有一段时间呢,主要是在雷州府城,就是在雷州半岛的中间的位置,又有一些海外的贸易,持续时间都不是很长。直到了清代康熙这个迁建海境结束之后,那么又有更多的这个从广州来的商人,从潮州来的商人,又回到了这个雷州半岛这边去经营,他们会发现雷州半岛这个地方,其实是有很多土地是可以生产一些他们需的物产。比如说对潮州人来说,很重要的物产就是蔗潭,因为蔗潭是需要大量的土地以及足够的光热的条件去种植,以及去压制熬制成这个土坛,然后再出口。对于潮州人来说,他们在潮汕地区的土地是有限的。他们只能往南边走,去寻找更好更多的这个蔗坛的产地。那么他们就发现雷州半岛以及海南岛是很适合去扩展他们生意。的地方。所以呢他们就乘着他们的这个船,就是我们所谓的季风贸易,就是秋冬季节是吹东北风。那么东北风呢就是从广东省的东边沿海就可以顺风往下走到雷州琼州。那么呢在这边呢去经营,去收购这个蔗潭。那么正好大概就是12月份到1月份,正好是甘蔗成熟的季节,成熟之后呢,就把它砍下来,然后生产完之后呢,到了4月份西南风起的。时候他们就可以顺着西南风回到潮汕地区,然后甚至可以借着西南风到了上海,甚至到东北,去把他们的货物卖到那边去。那么这潭为什么在清代来说是一个这么好的生意。因为上海特别是江浙地区呢,就说呃已经流行了吃糖吃甜食了这文化甜口?对,所以上海是潮汕的一个很大的销售糖的一个市场。嗯。那么就清代来说,就大致是从乾隆年间开始就会发现在雷州半岛以及在海南岛上出现了一系列的潮州会馆。比如说在赤坎,比如说在徐文以及在海口,在琼州这地方都出现了潮州会馆。嗯,所以等于是这个雷州半岛这一块,他在清代的时候成为了一个蔗唐的一个主要产地。然后这些潮州商人通过季风贸易,对吧?定期。记得去把这些蔗塘等于是销往中国北方的这些重要的商贸城市运去上海、苏州、天津这些地方。我看到是不是说他们返程的时候也会把北方的一些,比如说棉花布匹什么的,也带回来,可能继续又拉到这个雷州半岛再去进行销售,等于是可以重复的做这样的一些海上贸易。对他们回来的时候呢,就会带来很多。比如说像苏州产的这些布匹啊,丝绸。然后像东北产的这个大豆或者是炸丸大。后者剩的那个杜博,然后北方的一些药材,然后呢就会运回来广东销售,可能他们是在潮汕也销售,在广州也在雷州半岛,也在海南岛,就会这么一个销售。就是他们的这个季风贸易,就是把中国南北沿海的这些各资产的物产进行交换嘛。对,这个还是比较典型的清代的海上贸易啊,这个在中国沿海。但我以前看过莫代安那本华南海盗。里面讲的就是乾隆时代,中国南海上的这些海商和海盗群体,很多人也是跟着季节变换自己身份,有鱼的时候就去打鱼,然后过了捕鱼区了,就开始成区结队成为华南海盗了。而且后来不是华南海盗还深度卷入了越南的这个西山政权长期的战争当中去嘛,湛江所在的雷州半岛感觉就正在这片海域啊。然后你刚说到的,比如乾隆到嘉兴道光这个年间,按那个华南海盗那本书的描述里面,这会儿正是海上这些。😊中国海盗们蔚然成风的时代,这个时代对于雷州半岛的历史,它有一些什么样的影响吗?我看你编的那本口述,广州湾里面是不是也涉及到过类似的这样的一些人物。对,现在的我们的做历史的学术研究。很多时候我们都会讲研究这个区域。那么这个区域,他们的人本身是怎样去活动,怎样去流动。那么现在我们看到雷州半岛与越南的北部,现在我们是有国界之分。但。看到明清的这个时代,可能对他们来说,就雷州半岛到越南,不过就是100多公里外的一个地方。乘船的话快的话,两三天就能到了。那么明末清初的这个拉锯当中,广东也是一个战乱很平繁的地方。所以在明清之际,像雷州半岛上的墨久,他就带领他的部署,带领他的亲人,还有很多乡亲,就到了这个越南,他们在河仙就是现在越南。南部的一个地方落脚,那么建立了港口国,可以说是一个有一定独立性的一个政权,那么也是得到了越南的王氏认可的一个政权,大概持续了两代人。嗯,那么还有像陈尚川,他是来自于吴川的。我们刚才说的高...(已截断)
黑水公园
(1)
聊聊暑期档《揭秘日》《火遮眼》《希曼》《曼达洛人》《给阿嬷的情书》
1h 31m
2026/06/19
📝 AI
总结
🎼听众朋友们,大家好,欢迎收听周五的黑人公园啊,艾文金花蛋达CI现在这个暑期档挺热闹的哈,我看好多电影,暑期档的这些电影热火朝天的,都感觉都不错,票房都不错,电影也质量也挺高的。😊哪儿看出来的?票房不好啊。🎼除了你看的那个,你看那票房确实好,给阿妈的情书。对,那个好,那个那个不算暑期档,那个应该是从那个一个月前那一一个月前啊,就就就就已经开始了。你看那片热度一直延续到现在,估计还得再往后延,对,还能再延,现在不是这个票房已估已经18个亿快20个亿。哎呦,但我看最近好议论这个电影的人特别多啊,我感觉好像是这个市场,咱这个院线市场暑期档好像挺火的。感觉啊。🎼感觉吧我我觉得其他的加一块可能顶不上其他加一块没没赶上他零头,没赶阿妈的情书零头。你就这么说吧,我们公司里边就是我们那个整个上海公司30多人啊,有29个都看了阿妈的情书一块看的,不不分别跟着看。然后剩下的呢剩下电影都看了,剩下就是我我就看了一别的什么上业电影没看还有一个人但是我看那个就是现在暑期档这个商类电影的种类挺多的啊,种类类,什么类型都有。,对,有这个动作片科幻片动画片,没有动作科幻多很多的,反正就是反正就这一段我们看了不少电影,然后这个那个正好就就这么一机会吧,我们把这个最近看的都跟大家聊聊,你先讲讲这个斯皮尔伯格导演的这个最新力作揭秘日啊,怎么你看了吗?没看啊。我听你说,你说那个一般我就我就言难尽吧,言难尽。看完了说咱们再找几个一块说。哎,因为我看他那个预告片讲的这些科幻的事儿好像也没有什么太新鲜的,要先批评他,明不明你今天为什么为什么没有找我们合作,你说是鼓吹家嘛,但不是让他得他得他得找我们合作,他鼓吹啊,就是说观观影活动也没有,对不对?就是有那这太因为说实话啊,就这个开玩笑啊,但意思是说这。片看之前呀,我觉得哎呦这肯定是黑手公园肯定要做,对吧?科幻斯皮尔伯格,而且单独给他做一期,对,单独为他做一期,一定还单独提前约了C老师说因为这女主C老师特别喜欢哎哦,对吧?这个是什么艾ily布朗艾艾ily布朗啊确实很很很漂亮。现在这个我也我也很喜欢我也很喜欢这视器凯特贝金萨尔之后,我最喜欢的英文剧。然后我这个。这么多丁语啊,不怎么喜欢,可能不不不那个那个那位已经老了,然后我。😊🎼你什么话呃,老了就不能喜欢吗?不能定义他们啊,不要瞎定义啊,这个我我就是去第一时间看的上上映的第一时间,当天周五当天就看了,我第二时间看了,我星期六去哎呀,日,他是哎斯皮尔伯格是不是不装了,他一定知道很多外星人的信息,哎,什么都没有。他这次摊牌了,我估他都没,我甚至觉得他可能不上网,我不是揭秘日吗?哎,上周揭秘的,上周五是这个揭秘的。😡揭秘日接的就是平时你在网上能看见的,就什么几个外星人给那做实验呀,什么那个一堆这个军队黑白黑白那个录像带里边士兵,什么外外星人啊,你在网上一搜,就什么外星人51号地区罗森维尔事件。不是那咱咱这个不是俩月前咱就开始这个回顾X档案吗。对呀,还是这些还是这些就X档案没有揭秘的斯皮尔伯格依然没有揭秘。没错,如果听了我们之前那期复位节目S档案,你再看不用去。看这片了,真的我就这么跟大家说,大家可去花4块钱听我们这个。两两三个月之前有一期但是说跟揭秘日有关的嘛,揭秘S档我们做第一期就是讲这个什么这个外外星人啊,这个这些机密。嗯啊听完那期省省省您这个三四十块钱的票去电影院看。哎,你这是种主流的推荐方式吗?现在对是对,就很有性价比,很有性价比啊,没没有一点新东西,哎 believe我没有一点,而且什么都没有讲的呢还能让你比这个电影其实更有画面感,真的真的我跟你说,看的我这。叫一个生气啊哦生气生什气,咱不能说电影不好啊,人家就是那大场面画面啊,画面做特效,这个演员都好,那大俩大火车啊这二马一错凳,中间加一汽车,然后人怎么这爬上去,在这加缝汽车里怎么爬上去,等于还是这些外星人的噱头,他没没没外星人什么太大事,那讲究什么事儿,别瞎说就最后结尾有外星人啊,就最后结尾跟外星人有点关系,前头都是就是说我们这一机密。😊🎼我们这一机密记一一给大家看,这世界就完了。咱咱但是咱们现在是不是要把真相公布给大家,有人就是说公布,有人就说不公布,然后就就为了公布这个事儿就满处跑。😡就这么个事儿啊,就这么个事儿啊,公布这东西是什么呢?就是咱们平时在网上一搜,罗森贝尔事件能出来那些都不地前些日子那个刚刚刚解密的那些文件是吧?🎼对,那等于就什么密都没解啊,什么密都没解。那有有有没有那个咱们不知道的密啊?呃,他最后出来了个外星人,但是人就是说哎这个我得说一下啊,好多影好多影评说说斯皮尔伯格拉了坨大的斯皮尔伯格万节不保,没有啊,这没有,人家叫这个叫什么一贯是这个这个风格啊,冠冠一贯冠以置知的这么一个风格就没变过,就是一体成人版ET就是原来那ET不是弄一自行车。😀嘛现在是一轮椅啊,时间都去哪儿了?对,就叫这叫ET时间都去哪了。也是说有一外星人跑了。最后这最后最后出来是能一轮椅摇出来的一外星人。哎,就就就就就这么一区别。然后呢特可气啊,你说特可气在哪儿嘛?我前头啊他这片也也时间不短,前前面40多分钟。前边真的啊就是说为了揭秘不揭秘,就是这个人类这一块啊,有一点这个外星科技,就能什么远距离进入别人思想。😊🎼这么一点点呃,不肯定不光是他我估计他可能那个剧本里写的比较多,但是展示的直接展示是两个,而且不同人拿那东西啊,你获取能力不一样,对,就是那个手不能碰的那玩意儿,一直戴手套。对对对,克林费斯克林费斯用那玩意是可以进入别人意识控制别人。对,后来那个女主拿了之后就就是成神了,就是超体超脑对超超超体就是隐身咔就就100个人能隐身这种就就。😡就就这样发电100个人就能发电,就是获得了外星科技。我没看出科技像一魔法,像魔法,就是钻手里要电有光啪光就来了,是吧?要隐身啪隐身就来职业选择器。🎼萨马还是萨师,哎,然后呢,不是关键点在哪儿特让特让你看着特生气呢?就是说你开开始弄这意思吧,就是说这揭秘日多大的话题啊,美国现在有好多外星人秘密,但要进我刚我不信,真有外星人啊,不像C老真信我就你看了吗?我我看了一点啊,我看了一点预告片,我看了一点那个网上的版本,后来我觉得还是得尊重电影,我得去哎适合C老看,就人人在那个麦的地里一站着咔麦田。外外圈出现了,外圈就出现了,那是必须得是。不是那你看看预告片也就够了,别省钱了,就是托我太难,我还是听那4块钱的,就是咱就是想看看他怎么编这故事。外星人到底干嘛来了,说咱们这捕获了一个外星人,是外星人不是就是想跟咱地球人交配吗?哎,不是这片不是他们没说呀,我都想我都想到了,应该让张艺谋拍一个黄焰秋世界。😊又那个经受住了考验的黄艳秋。😡诶。🎼可惜在哪儿?就是最后终于给这外星人倒腾出来了,咱得听听外星人跟咱们说什么呀,对吧?说李红说了一悄悄话圆通,因为这个女主就是这个全能,女主全能超能力就是能能听懂任何人说话哦,哎,外星人出来之后,挑出来吧。说了一悄悄话啊啊说了悄悄话之后啊,就是这个男主把这悄悄话告诉女主了。女主是一个这个新闻播报员。新闻播报员,天气预报员老老传统,他们都特喜欢弄天气预报员给这挑大脸天气预报员站在屏幕前就马上就要说出外星人说什么来了,啪出字幕。就是我他妈从头看到尾看你他妈这追来追去,最后我也不知道到底外星人说了什么。我我知道我知道说那我要那个吉塞尔邦辰的签名照。😡🎼只要不是说的,我拿那个皮筋搁你家玻璃就行。关键那个外星人啊岁数太大了,就是特别明显的拍的已经老态龙钟了。就坐轮椅嘛,上面还有那大罩子,弄那呼吸机什么的,对估计也是呃可能弥留之际吧,跟地球人交代点事儿,就最后成为一外星外星老年外星人也要吸氧啊啊,不是他那大罩子可能是他们那儿的空气吧,我也不懂,长也帅,这确实是我觉得啊电影啊拍的这个熟。法还是不错的。但但是呢我觉得就是他有点蒙大家蒙大家蒙大家。我这样我我就是因为我在电影院看的那预告片嘛,我看完预告片我就不想特别不想看,为什么呀?因为预告片里边都是咱们之前就了了解过一些内容。所以我就觉得一般预告片已经应该算是一个片子的精华了。你就是预告片你看完你都不想看,这电影我开始有一预估,我预估错了所以我觉得这事儿也赖我,就是我自己也给这个预期。自己给自己洗脑,我自己给自个儿编了一剧情,你知道吗?我开始以为是什么呀?我开始以为是说我想啊,就是说现在互联网的资料都这么的全,已经揭密了之后早就揭秘。现在问题就是说你到底信不信外星人,对不对?不是谣传斯皮尔伯格看到什么白宫揭秘文件嘛?对我所以我觉得这个故事要拍,得是说直接从这儿开始拍,就是大家在网上都能看见这些东西,咱大家觉得是假的,这个时候是不是外星人真来了,美国政府被迫得承认。😊🎼或者说美国政府是不是做了一决定,要告诉大家都有,对吧?你有这么一个导导致社会是不是动荡,对不对?就或者说是信的人,不信的人都都有什么意见,没全没有。那你就是说想拍一个就是跟nope似的,就是大范围的啊,对对对是吧?nope不是在一个乡村里边发生吗?对对对,就是你有一些这种事件都没有,就是从头到尾就是你就理解为一U盘吧,还120多张U盘,120多张U盘揣什么包里,就是这这包,我现在给送到哪去。就。😡就是这么一个故事,所以就是跟到底揭秘不揭密啊,它里边可以是任何东西,可可也也也可以是那个那个萝莉岛的照片,也也可以是什么那个白宫的什么秘密。所以他跟外星人的那个。😀关联是比较小的萝莉岛不也有可能是为了隐藏外星人才有的吗?其实那是一个外星人基地,但是大家呢怕大家知道就弄一堆人去哪儿,混大祸节上岛完全合理了。🎼哎呀,这个所以说我跟你想的差不多啊,我以为也是就是斯皮尔伯格有一种理解,就是一旦这个事公开承认对会什么样,把那堆黑黑杠子都去掉以后啊,发现到底大家做何反应,但是他完全没有给大家他自己理解的那个场景。对导演晃了你们俩以起啊,真的真晃了一下,我我我期待确实有点高了。一般看电影没期待,尤其是他那句话,说什么全球什么80亿人到底应不应该知道这些秘密,宣传语啊。对呀,所以就奔着宣传语我不解决的人你揭秘完了之后,你展示出来世界会是什么样吗?老师咱们作为广告同业说,你觉得这宣传语是不是过来了?没过呀,你看见了,那你要这么说,有可能斯皮尔伯格是为了给咱们留一口饭,咱们还可以继续寻找外星人继续寻找,继续寻找外星人,哎,我觉得是这样,就是如果降低预期,这片视觉效果什么的,还确实不错,我不想看视觉效果,我就想看外星人的视件有没有我觉得相当于啊真的相当于一。😊GX档案的那个外形的含量。😀啊,所以这个看着6小时还是还是还是回顾S档案吧,还是回顾S档案吧。嗯,因为S档案的一集一集的,你能进续续着看啊,这个你也你也不知道他到底要说什么啊,都已经一季都赶不上,就一集啊,对,就一就一一级都不是收不都不是两集上架都不是这种,就是一级的脸就是他就是在那玩运镜,玩长镜头的啊,比如大量长镜头。对,包括你真的他那个拍的挺下本的,俩火车这夸这么交界。然后这。😊🎼这有这有一个汽车别在一火车里,然后俩人从这汽车上怎么往火车上爬,都有好多这种镜头,跟外星人没关系。是啊,他们就是因为因为包里边,因为包里边是外星人的资料。😡哦啊,就这么一个,就那那有点关系有点关系。但是我最后说那包里它可以是任何东西,所以所以他的百分之有百分之五六十的剧情是这个逃亡的这种剧情啊,然后还那就就ET他至少他全程有外星人啊,这就是结尾有外星人,就是后半程就开始到了这个就是有点超能力了。然后就是哎呦包括我跟你说,让我也特生气,就是这个一个局哎,就是开始啊,就是说。😊🎼要揭秘外星人这边的一大佬,一黑人大佬,黑人大哥吧,就是你能感觉他一直在装修呢,就是就是他一直打电话,哥们那哥们是吧?不是那那就是人类,但是类,那他他他想那个把这事公开嘛,就他得布局嘛,就是说这边你怎么逃,这边你怎么逃,然后他我得离职,把桌子收拾干净了。我不知道桌子收拾干净,他他确实是先辞职了对他觉得辞职了,带一带一耳麦搁那叭叭指挥,就是我一直觉得啊就是他应该是说。😡这个有有有大大旗在下大旗,,因为你能看他后边有在装修,那装修我当时就看到了,这肯定就是说要迷惑谁做一个伪场景。所以我就一直在想他他他到底在给谁做一个伪场景,对吧?就是说一定是最后进了一人,不知道或者说给谁迷晕了,进来吧一喜欢看拍广告的...(已截断)
Lightcone Podcast
(1)
The Age Of The 40-Year-Old Solo Founder Is Here
N/A
2026/06/20
📝 AI
总结
You need to have a certain amount of expertise to know what to do with this boundless intelligence that's imbued in the model. And I think this is where.🎼Folks with experience, folks that have spent, know, decade plus in this industry.They know how to create something like this because they can leverage the model's underlying capability to create something that's just world class. So many businesses, they have a great product. They have a great service, but there's just so much sort of a met opportunity for these business owners for these founders. And I'm really just here to make it easier for them to tap into it.Welcome back to another episode of the Light Cone. Today, we're joined by Bryant Cho, co foundunder and CTTO of Webflow, which created 1% of all websites live today. Bryant is back in the current YC batch with a brand new startup called Ploy, which is taking the work he did on Webflow to the next level. Bryant, Wee to the light cone. Thanks for having me. So what is Ploy. We're looking at it right now. kind of looks like a lot of the other things you might use.To vibe code, But it's actually way more awesome than that. It is a website platform. You can build really incredible bespoke award winningning websites with play, but it doesn't just stop there. The premises is that your website has all this traffic. It has all this data. And what we're doing is we're building entire marketing platform to help you run your business to help you run your ads, help you find your customers, help you make your website copy. but then also, most importantly.Help you get found by Cha G, help you get found by perplexity and Cde so that businesses can run their marketing on autopilot. kind of sounds like hiring the perfect CMO who out also is a designer and who can code. That's actually kind of my background. So like I started as a CTO of Webflow. But then I also let our marketing teams. I also started our sales teams. So I'm just taking all that knowledge. and I'm baking it into play. Okay, so that sounds like founder market fit, a triple unicorn making the AI triple.😊Unicorn for everyone in the world, like the other 98% of websites could really use this. That's right. So what you're seeing is that it's sure, like a vibe coat sort of U I UX. But you're also getting stuff out of the box that you wouldn't normally get. So you get all of these sort of integrations. But then most importantly, you get all this traffic. So what I actually did was just to show off.Ploys web design skills. I loaded your old startup website.,. This is posterous, does simple blogs by email. You can see the little, the Gmail buttons and things like that. What did you build the site Gary,2008. So, you know, if it looks dated, it is. So we dropped it deploy. And we essentially said, hey, go and recreate this website employee. And this is what it created. Oh my God. Wow, gorgeous. So this is not 20.posterous. It is truly 2026 postous. Be careful, because now that you've created, I might have to actually write a million lines of code and make it real again. This is definitely a Google video video and all these sort of prompts and sort of knowledge about how to create these type of videos or embedded into play. Yeah, I mean, once you're in the land of doing image gen and video gen, there's just a lot you have to do around curation and proper prompting. It's kind of like a dark art, actually, So being able to start off.😊With the thousand examples that you've already pulled together. I mean, that's context in action. Jared, I also got yours coming up. We also took Scrid. We went back in the way back machine, Scrid from 2007, YouTube do forphs, You the documents. I remember fiddling with the C S S to try to make that look right. How did you even host this back in the day. This was before A WS. This is on a physical server. originallyig physically in my dorm room closet. which is how I learned that servers are loud. So this.Is what Floy redesigned it to. Oh bring into 2026. And this is basically like, you basically just gave it the old website and like told it to go with maybe like a short prompt and then just like went and just like brought it up to 2026, That's right. So its actually went to the way back machines URL, understood the contents and then understood the context of your business and then it was like, oh, cool, we're bringing this business back. Let's go and redesign it for the modern era. Yeah yeah, it's interesting because it's not merely web design. It's actually understanding memory.Reasoning, really like a marketing company brain. That's right. That's right. And asset generation, like, I remember like packing the day to like, make images like this, you used to hire like a team of designers and it was so slow and expensive. and like animations, like what you did for Gary site. That was like impossible like impossible. Yeah, like unaffordable for any startup. Yeah, oh man, this is hard as2007, Yeah, old software for small businesses to s...(已截断)
Dwarkesh Podcast
(1)
The data black hole at the center of AI
11m
2026/06/20
📝 AI
总结
So one definition of intelligence is sample efficiency. That is to say, how much data do you need in any given domain to operate fluently and competently. And it's actually not clear that we've made that much progress in training sample efficiency over the last few years. It seems like more so we've just dramatically widened and improved the data distribution. The main way that As have been getting better is from adding more and better data and scaling the compute required to develop that data in the first place. Obviously, Rl is the main way that this has happened. You can think of Rl is basically.😊Kind of synthetic data generation where you dump a ton of compute against a verifier or a rubric. If you have a Ne1 as a judge. and you do this in order to find out what the good data is in the first place. And then you train your model to predict these correct rollouts much in the same way that you might train that model to predict the next word in Internet text.For this process to work, the model must have at least some prior probability to anticipate the correct solution in the first place, which is why you need mindstring amounts of human expert trajectories in every single field and skill that you want the model to eventually be competent in. It's hard to overstate how task specific and bespoke this human expert data is. If you want the intuition, I recommend checking out the job descriptions on Mercore or searchs websites. There are listings for word specialists who will convert legacy documents into polished word files and legal experts who will write really.istic M diligences or security smilings and management consultants who will write up template market research. And it is not only that the data have to be so domain specific, but there has to be so much of it. Each skill corresponds to at least hundreds of human experts who are generating example completions, writing rubrics and explaining their chain of thought. There's a reason that the data industry that is producing these expert labels in the Ral environments in which these meticulously catalog skills can congeal is earning billions a year in revenue soon to be decade billions.Now, imagine if it took a couple decades worth of courses with hundreds of concurrent professors and millions of practice tasks for you to learn how to polish a word file. Even the task count difference here understates the gap because the models have to grind their far more numerous tasks each far harder. Whereas a human student might practice a textbook problem once or twice. with GO, these models are generating hundreds The thousands of rollouts per task. And they need to to solve the credit assignment problem The correct way to think about these models is not like a human who has learned all these different skills that you see these models displaying.It's more like a Frankranenstein's monster, which has been built out of a billion graphs of carefully constructed examples all sewn together. Epoch recently reported that open models lag state of the art frontier models by four months. I think the reason it is relatively easy for open source and previous laggards to catch up to within months of the frontier is that data is the real driver of progress. And data can be easily distilled from public Apis, whereas hyperpara and training tricks and architectural optimizations cannot. And if the latter.We're driving most of the progress than catching up would be far harder than we are observing interview. It is easy to forget how much data these models are trained on and how much more it is than what we humans see in our lifetimes. We see these As as a galaxy glittering with capabilities. But at their center, invisible to the naked eye holding all the cons together is an unimaginly massive black hole of data. Just a couple of points of comparison to help drive home. How big this difference is. Here's one. if a person.Sees and hears on average, let's say, generously,2000 words an hour. Then between the time they're bored and the time they're an adult. They'll see about 200 million tokens. Now, by contrast, these frontier models are trained on somewhere between tens to hundreds of trillions of tokens. That is close to a million fold difference. Here's another point in comparison. If you wanted to, you could learn to toler operate any random humanoid or robot arm within hours. And if you could get AI to learn just as fast. robotics would be a deck a trillion dollar industry. and you'd have an.Army of Uni3 G1s doing all kinds of useful work in the world. But the reason we can't do this is that our AIs learn much less efficiently than we do. And even with the millions of hours of demonstrations that we collected, This is not enough to allow them to perform complex open end tasks. In a final point of comparison, a teenager can learn to drive a car with about 20 hours of practice. And even if include their 16 years of growing up and understanding how the world works in building physical i...(已截断)
All-In with Chamath, Jason, Sacks & Friedberg
(1)
World's First Trillionaire, Anthropic Fable Banned, The New Oligarchs, Iran Peace Deal
1h 24m
2026/06/20
📝 AI
总结
Alright, everybody, welcomee back to the number one podcast in the world. It's the all in podcast. Original quartet is here. Bazaar. David Saacks. How you doing, brother. I'm good. In a busy week. About a long post from you on X. We'll get into it.Great, a lot of what long posting. lot of long post. I had like one long post., has's the over get two long post. Yeah, the carpal tunnel flaring up. I got a third one teed up by I might one got one in the chamber. I got one in the chamber. but I was gonna save it for the pot. It's a good ride. coming in hot. I wonder who's gonna get this bullet..😀ははは。😊🎼Let your winner.Rain man, David.🎼We open sources to the fans, and theyve just.You be wearing queen.A cackling, of course, It's the dictator. is my fasting mouth. Holly hoppatia, How you doing, brother, getting ready for summer. Summers your lays have been laid on the bed. You're ready to pack it up opposite. I got a lot of travel grinding.Oh, I forgot you're doing founder LED sales. So the summer of relaxation is over now he's in the CEO slot, Go to get out there and do those enterprise sales and of course.😊Coming off a pretty hot week.Comments section was on fire. very pro free, very very freeberg. perhaps his greatest performance, Also greatest the first performance when he said more than three sentences. What's going on, Freeberg. you went off last episode. And, and then I think you also with the long posts. You know, it's so funny as the valuation of O hollow ticks up. He gets more and more based. I love it. He is getting, welcome to the club. welcome to the club. He's got Tra Coms.Bste unleash the beast, when you're just a mere singleton, you kind of just keep it to yourself. And then all of a sudden,.9 figure free bird. He's like, I got something to lose. Wait for 10 figure free bird.9 figure free birds like yo.You also with the long posts, you and Nancy Pelosi making sweets. Here's. Here's what's happening. He what's happening.. Let go What is being formed in the United States right now is the great American Okay the great American Popo formed the taking their seeds. the great. the great American Popo is being formed.😊The new oligarchs are taking their seats. They're arranging the chairs. They're determining who will be chairman of the Politboro, who will assign what workforce to do what efforts for them, which $600 million stock trades. their families will make to benefit and enrich themselves as they fly around in their private jets on the taxpayers' money, And we are watching it all before our very eyes as individual liberties are eroded. I am fired up about it. I see it happening. You know, Sax is on the show this week. You can't just take.Strays like that Freeberg expand on who the Polburo is. Yeah, so basically the Pollitburo is the leaders who elect themselves to dictate the flow of the economy, the allocation of capital, what work individuals they're allowed to do and what what activities they're allowed to do in an unfree society, which is what they're creating. They are the true oligarchs. and this is Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders, Roconana, This is the the group that is trying to.Coolesce power and create for themselves a system whereby they have greater influence, greater control over aspects of the economy. They want to seize the means of production. They want to control education. They want to control media. And any time there's an effort by an individual enterprise or an individual themselves to go out and build a business and succeed and do something that's outside of their scope and their span of control. They lose their minds over it. And that's what we're seeing. So I react to their tweeting and their bullshit.Where they're basically trying to contort things about inequality and fairness and justice. When the truth is they are the rising empire, the evil empire in Star Wars, They are.The folks who want to take from all of us what we were endowed with when this nation was started and what many people came to this country for, which is individual freedom and liberty, the ability to build a business in peace, the ability to make decisions to do what you want with your own assets and to have functionally private property. and they're taking it all away. and they're trying to take it all away. and we're watching piece by piece step by step. So they are forming apoll borough where they can effectively control the economy, control education, control the media and tell us all what we can and can't do and say. And it's frustrating.to me to watch it, because it's masquerrad as Bush virtue, as justice, as equity. It's a bunch of nonsense words that they use to try and make themselves seem virtuous. when in the end of the day, they are fundamentally evil. And I hate watching it. So that's why I react to.Aggressively to it. Freeberg, I think you said something that's really important, which is they, they presented it as virtue. That's right.Put yourself in the body.Of a person that's probably middle...(已截断)
不止读书
(1)256 当世界变得越来越快,历史还有什么用?
22m
2026/06/19
📝 AI
总结
🎼不止读书,读书不止,大家好,我是魏小何。最近做了好几期关于文学解读的节目,在文学里浸泡久了。今天我们回到一个历史主题,其实我对历史也不是很熟悉,并不是一个经常读历史著作和历史读物的人。但是在前两个月分享了一本呃卡尔的历史是什么。那是一本很薄的小册子,但是确实对20世纪的历史学的理论研究非常重要的一本书。我本来正好在读,所以就分享了一下,没有想到大家的反响还挺好的。当时读了还有另外一本就是马克布洛赫的为历史学辩护,这本书也很薄,它和历史是什么,常常被放在一起,被认为是20世纪最重要的两本史学理论书籍。所以呢上一次的节目的末尾,我就说是不是要来聊一下为历史学辩护。我看到评论区有人留言,确实有这个呼声。所以呢今天就来聊一聊这本为历史学辩护。他。做讨论的其实就是历史研究的一些基础问题。比如说历史是什么,历史的研究对象是什么,如何研究等等。呃,可以说作为普通读者,我们一般情况下不会进行历史研究的工作。但是我总是会对这些问题好奇,就是了解历史学家是如何思考这些最基础的问题,可以让我们在阅读历史的时候,也有更广阔的视野和维度。我觉得其实任何一个领域啊都可以思考思考关于这个领域的原问题。就是他到底是什么,他研究的是什么?它是如何操作的,他和其他知识领域的关系是什么?这样不仅对这个领域会有更深的理解,也很有意思。今天的节目呢首先来介绍一下马克布洛赫这个人和这本书诞生的一个背景。然后呢,我们大概会讨论他在书中提出的几个问题,四个问题,非常简单的讨论一下,就是历史是什么?历史的研究的材料是从哪里来的,如何处理这些材料,如何看待。历史中的人物和历史事件、历史中的因果关系等等。总的来说呢,打开这本书,你会发现它并不是那种非常枯燥的理论作品,而更像是某种治学随笔,里面包含作者对历史研究的非常多的经验和看法。整本书有一种隐而不发的情感力量和道德责任。这是读起来会让你很容易带入,也很容易投入的一个先决条件。那关于这本书还是要先来了解一下这个作者马克布洛赫。他出。出生于1886年,他是法国里昂的一个犹太裔家庭成长起来的一个孩子,他的父亲叫做古斯塔夫布洛赫,也是一位著名的古代史学家。这让他在很小的时候就受到了良好的学术熏陶。青年阶段,他就读于著名的巴黎高等师范学院,还去德国柏林留过学。1929年,他与好友吕西安费弗尔在斯特拉斯堡大学共同创办了经济与社会史年鉴杂志。这表。标志着年剑学派的诞生,我是一个历史小白。但是之前呢对于年剑学派只是听过这个名字。那在看这本书的时候,就稍微去了解和查了一下,这个年建学派不仅是20世纪史学的一个重要的流派,也是一场彻底改变了史学范式的一场革命。他将历史研究从传统的政治史军事史和英雄史观当中解脱出来,转向了更全方位的跨学科的一种社会。学科就是把历史变成了一个社会学科。那从前的历史更多的是叙事导向的,就在讲故事。那我们以前读的中国历史,古代的二4史,基本上都是这种形式。年政学派呢则主张带着明确的问题去发掘史料。历史研究,首先要有问题意识,而不是在讲这个一代一代的朝代变换或者是这些王侯将相的故事,并不只是如此,而是要有历史研究的问题意识,并且要回答问题的时候,应该。有对地理学、社会学、心理学、经济学、人类学的其他知识的融合,不能只读档案,要进行跨学科研究,而不是闭门造车。这是一个20世纪之后,就是可以说是年间学派开始以来才改变的一个历史研究的范式。那总之呢,年间学派打破了实政主义的传统史学,追求一种涵盖社会经济心理的总体史。那回到布洛克他自己的身上,他主要研究的是中古封建制度的。这个历史他的代表作呢就是两卷本的封建社会。呃,同时呢由于他的一个成长背景和他生活的时代,所以呢他也经历了两次大战,并且死于纳粹之手。第一次世界大战的时候,他参加过法国步兵团,以上位的军衔退役,并且获得了法国的荣誉军团勋章。二战时期,他本来是想要专注于学术研究的。但是在动荡的时局之下,那个时候他已经年过五旬。而且还有6个孩子,但是呢他还是决定重返前线之后,他亲历了1940年法军的惨败,回到了沦陷的法国。但是由于犹太裔的身份,他被维其政府剥夺了公职。他曾经有机会前往美国避难,但是他还是为了家人和对祖国的某种责任而留了下来。1943年,他在里昂加入了法国抵抗运动,虽然年纪已经很大了,但他仍然深入地下工作,负责组织联络和宣传。194。4年3月,由于叛徒的出卖,布洛赫在里昂街头被盖世太保逮捕,在监狱中,他遭受了极为残酷的拷打,尽管身份已经暴露,但是他始终没有吐露任何关于抵抗运动的秘密。据说,他在狱中依然保持着学者的尊严,甚至向年轻的囚犯讲解历史。1944年,在盟军登陆诺曼底之后,纳却开始处决政治犯。布洛赫与另外的27名抵抗战士就被带到了里昂郊外的一块。在空地上最终在那里被杀死。布洛克牺牲之后,他的好友费弗尔整理了他生前在躲避追捕的时候写下的手稿,于1949年出版。那这些手稿就是我们今天在谈的这本书为历史学辩护。所以这本书他的写作的一个背景,就是在这样的一个严酷的战争底下,他的大部分内容都是在没有图书馆,没有笔记资料的情况下写作的是布洛克凭借他的记忆力和对职业的一种。事诚之心来写作的这不仅是一本史学指南,更是一个对历史有着敬畏之心的人,在文明的最黑暗的时刻为他的事业所留下的辩护词。那首先如果你打开这本书的话,是一篇导论,在第一个部分,他就提出了一个最基础的问题。前面提到的历史有什么用。那在这个问题背后,他真正想问的其实是我们应该如何研究历史。因为对很多人来说,历史是一种有趣的。消遣,比如说我了解一个呃乾隆皇帝的故事,我了解一个某个朝代的英雄事迹,对我来说是一个有趣的事情。我们总是想要了解其他人的故事。布洛克认为这很重要,但还不够。在他看来,历史应该脱离那种故事的叙事,什么九子夺嫡啊,或者是某种叛变,某种复仇,或者是某一个新政权的建立,或是某一个政权的衰败,这里面的爱恨情仇,一些英雄情节。这些都很好看,但是他认为这些还不够,应该进入科学的范畴。因为他说我们理解事物的愿望,远胜于获知事物的愿望,仅仅知道发生了什么并不够。真正重要的是在各种现象之间建立起解释性的联系,这就是他的一个核心的追求。显然在这一点上呃,他和之前我们读的历史是什么的。作者卡尔的立场是一致的。卡尔他在这本书当中所要讲的其实也是一个。基本动机就是要让历史变成一门科学。呃,但是呢这布洛赫他也强调,历史学有其独特的美感,不能也不应该在追求科学性的同时失去诗意。所以他没有这个卡尔那么的想要把它完全科学化。他认为。应该有科学的部分,但是仍然不能够失去他的这种叙事的美感。好,那布洛贺提出的第一个重要的问题就是历史是什么,这也是卡尔历史市场文那本书的一个核心的主题。毕竟那本书的名字就是历史是什么。你还记得卡尔是怎么定义历史的吗?卡尔说,历史不是过去的客观还原,而是史学家与事实之间不断的相互作用的过程,是现实与过去之间永无止境的对话啊,所以他首先接下来就要讲,我们要不仅是把历史当做一个客观的事实接受下来,而,应该去啊分辨一下这个写历史的人,这个史学研究者,他自己是不是也受限于他的一个历史环境。一个他的。结构呃,这是让我们有了一个更后退的视角来看待历史。它其实在某些程度上是被建构的。但是他又没有成为后来后现代主义学者一样,认为没有客观标准,一切都是被建构的,他还是坚持了一些东西。呃,那关于布洛贺呢,首先他认为把过去当做研究对象是荒唐的。他指出,任何现象在时间上的变化都可以称作历史。比如说太阳的历史。但是这并非是史学家所说的历史。因为。我们所说的历史的话,里面一定要有人,因为史学真正强调的对象是人,在所有的地形工具制度的背后,史学家要捕捉的是活生生的人和他的活动,否则只是博学的把戏,这是他的一个核心的关注点。那么研究人研究人不也是生物学、心理学、社会学的任务吗?呃,这里还没有讲完。布洛克认为呢,历史学是关于时间中的人的科学。呃,不仅是人,而是时间中的人。时间在这里很重要,每种事实都必须把它放在时代的背景和演变的过程当中,才能准确的理解。在这里,他认为时代的关联具有强大的力量,以至于在不同的时代之间可理解性的联系都是双向的,对现在不了解,肯定源自对过去的无知。同理,如果对现在一无所知。偏要认为对过去会有清楚的了解,那肯定也是徒劳无功的。呃,在某些方面,他和卡尔的整个看法是很接近的。过去和现在之间。是一个永恒的互动的关系。简言之,历史学家研究的是时间中的人,他如果对周遭的世界和社会无动于衷的话,那么他肯定也无法理解历史。因为不管是在哪个历史时空,是现在还是在过去。那么你对人的关注,对于社会的关注,实际上是历史学家一个非常核心的出发点。那他自己显然就是这么做的。他参与这个抵抗运动,他并不是完全做一个书斋的学者,而是通过。实践去介入去进入这个社会现实。最后他还强调,要充分的分析和理解历史,不能画地为牢,必须涵盖人类经验的各个方面,就是前面提到的年间学派的一个核心的观点,要进行总体史的研究,不能仅仅局限于早期的只是关注于政治军事,而是还有社会还有其他的领域。那我们可以简单的对比一下卡尔和布罗克对历史的定义。卡尔说,历史。是史学家与事实之间不断相互作用的过程,是现在与过去之间永无止境的对话。那布洛贺它的定义是历史是关于时间中的人的科学。不难发现,卡尔对历史的理解和布洛贺是很接近的那下一个布洛克提出的核心的问题就是历史的研究材料来自哪里啊。既然历史研究的对象是时间中的人,那么。如何研究呢?这些材料来自哪里呢?这个问题的解答其实是蛮具有具体的方法论的。如果你是一个研究历史的人,可能会有更多的启发。因为他关于如何去实践。那布鲁克认为,虽然我们不能亲历现场。比如说我们不能回到某个战争的现场,我们不能回到拿破仑战争的现场,但是通过观察留下的踪迹,史学家在某种程度上可以像物理学家观察原子的运动轨道一样直接的接触事实。这里。有个很关键的概念就是踪迹啊踪迹,不管是古代城堡中的尸骨,还是一种习俗词语的形式和用法,还是说是一个历史见证人写下来的技述。比如说呃一些日记啊,或是一些呃交易的契约或者是法律条文,这些都算数。那这些所有的踪迹当中有一些内容是可以直接采用的那就是见证人的报告,也就是我们所说的史料。布洛贺他把史料分为两大类,并。且对它的价值进行了重新的评估。一类呢是有意为之的证据。比如说那些作者故意留给后人看的东西,像回忆录啊,或者是史书啊,或者是公开报道啊,这些史料呢容易受到作者偏见的动机的歪曲。那还有一类呢是无意中留下的证据,就是当时的人们在无意当中的生活当中留下的。比如说政府档案、私人信件,个人账单等等。就我们会发现我们现在的很多的历史研究都是从这些地方去发掘史料,然后去进行。研究呃,去年非常火热的这个康熙的红票,其实也是从这方面去找到一条线索。布罗贺认为无意中留下的证据更加可靠。因为其制作者的主观上并没有想要欺骗后人,能够填补历史的空白,并且考辩真伪。那我们从他的这个讲解中可以大概的猜出呃历史学家想要搜集材料,然后仔细的去分辨,然后开始研究历史学家是不是都是这样的工作呢?不布洛赫认为,不应该直接掉进这个材料的汪洋大海,而应该先有路线图。也就是说,研究必须有目的和指导思想。如果史学家不主动提问文献就像沉默的见证人一样,不会开口,这是他的一个观点,就是历史研究,虽然有很多的材料,但是你不要先掉到材料里面,你要先有问题意识,你要先有一个自己的路线图。而且由于人类的行为极其复杂,研究任何重大问题都要求掌握不同类型的证据。比如说。和宗教史不能只看神学手册,还要看壁画和墓学的陈设等等。这就是他这个一直在强调的历史研究不能够画地为牢。因为一切的人类痕迹都是历史研究的素材和对象。所以呢要跨学科的协作,不论研究的是古代还是当代基本的方法是一致的,就是观察人留下的踪迹,并且遵循严格的考证法则。是的,这就是他提出的呃下一个问题。如何去。去处理材料。那材料呢是是人留下的踪迹,如何处理?方法是什么?简而言然,这两个字就是考证。考证不只是怀疑,而是一种受过训练的怀疑。这是他对于考证的一个定义。考证的基础在于比较,通过将一份文献与同时代的其他的证据进行对比。比如说通过对比他们的原风格制度特征等等来确定其年代的真实性。这听起来就是有点像侦探的工作,但是这也是历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东亚观察局
(1)
287 “文春炮”轰早苗 背后高人支招?高市上台200天后的日本政坛
1h 11m
2026/06/19
📝 AI
总结
🎼搬手剥壳工作室。東アジア観察局。🎼동아시아 관찰부.东亚观察局。🎼爸爸爸。hello大家好,我是樊云茹,大家好,是,欢迎收听本周的东亚观察局啊。今天的东亚观察局开始之前呢跟大家先预告一下啊,因为马上要暑期了嘛,暑期嘛就是我们有有一个特别的呃策划的一个官宣啊,因为很多人说按那个首相系列什么时候更新啊之类的。呃,然后现在我跟沙老师大致想了一下,应该在7月吧,具体的上线日子我们还没定啊,但7月应该会上线新的一季的呃日本首相系。系列但是他这次呢就是会有个几集内容,但是只说一个首相,就是谁呢?就是安倍晋三。因为安倍晋三是2022年的7月份对呃被枪杀嘛,其实是可以说是枪杀的哈,然后呢,你看我们当年靠他这一次事件其实是有一次出圈了,对吧?播了,我觉得对我们还直播在那个百度嘛,对吧?百度直播了,然后在整个播客圈,大家对于东亚观察局的一个印象。从那天那一次事件开始有。有点说日韩出大事,得要先要听东关那种感觉啊,之前也有之前他就安倍宣布辞职嘛,但不到那么严重的事情对吧?对吧?所以说一个尹熙月的戒言还一个安倍的一个被枪杀。对都算我们就是东关节目历史上的几个重大的一个节点,对吧?然后我们那天说都已经快四周年了。然后说这次首相的这个系列啊,就是说跟大家好好的来,呃,怎么说呢?好好的来介绍,然后来复盘,然后来评述一下安倍晋三这么一个非常复杂的一个首相形象,是对吧?然后我们大概就会取个名字,就安倍晋三大研究。来这个暂定的一个名字,大家可以7月份那个期待一下啊。呃,我看了一下,因为他那个被刺的时间是7月8号,但是能不能我们7月8号就上线,可能要去看我们那个整个准备的那个过程。因为这要我们两个人准备一段时间之后坐下来好好录的嘛。是对吧,然后中间还加加一些包装啊,剪辑的一些过程什么的。但是应该7月份上线是没什么太大问题。好吧,大家就先脑子里有这么一个概念好,我们就今天先做一个小小的这么一个宣传。啊,那来到那个正片了,正片就要聊一个安倍的就是精神的精神上的一个就徒弟啊,那个就是晨喜安倍的这么一个人,就现在的高手早描嘛,他他认为他是败。对我有别人未必认我在做今天这期内容的时候,想到一句话叫没有安倍的命,却得了安倍的病。对对吧?今天我们要说的这个事情,其实在安倍的执政中后期也有类似的那一些事件。但是就是具体内容。不太一样,但是我觉得毛病都是一种毛病,是就是那种权力的那种傲慢和那种对于呃私底下那些呃秘书也好啊,是夫人也好啊,那些些人的那种掌控,就其实是有点失控的那种感觉嘛,对吧?但是两个人的应对完全风格不太一样啊,就今天跟大家讲讲一讲,我们高盛早描老师最近遇到的一些事儿。然后我不知道沙老师你怎么感觉,因为我们为什么会临时非常临时聊这期节目啊,有一种感觉好像他现在有点点小松动,他的整个国民的一个在国民心目中啊一个支持率,从数据上有显示说有明显的一些调,对吧?这里边但是里面比较复杂了。有有今天我们待会儿会聊的一些事。还有比如说包括那个荷尔霍尔摩斯海峡之后,包括经济嘛,经济好,或者包括日元日元现在又创新低,而且哎呦反正反正反正我就。在就是稍去稍微的讲两句天外话吧,就是在日本银行日营宣布加息之前,嗯,他是他是这个周一的下午宣布正式宣布的,上午的时候我就跟人家吐槽,我说这个加息加的肯定是不伦不的。就是后来他说你不的概念是什么?我说的概念就是幅度加嘛加的,但是那个幅度极低。嗯,后来果不其然的,就是加了一个加了一个,他因为现在是从0.75加到了1%1%。我说你加了等于没加。嗯,这个其实没有任何实质上的意义,而且市场反应也不行嘛,包括他之前的大规模的财政的砸钱嘛买日元嘛,我觉得都效果都比较一般。这个就是显显示到现在就是传统日本政府,我觉得有一点熟书两端嗯,既要手足无措的,就既要又要对吧?但是因为因为后来我就是跟我就跟你开玩笑嘛,就说你要么是有体感的加息。嗯,然后去遏制日元的。😊继续的就是汇率的下跌下挫。嗯,包括这的话也是让那个物价让让物价有所平复嘛,嗯压缩下通胀。但是如果你是有感的加息,那有可能就会导致政府财政爆占。对那这那那就后来就想想两两块取其轻的吧,那苦再苦一苦百姓吧,就是老百姓你们再苦一苦吧。就是如果加的太狠呢,比如说有一些比如说呃贷款房贷的一些人,他就会面临一个哎突然我的成本增加了。对然后呢,他对于那个市场上大家的投资,国债是不是是不是有抑志,对吧?国债成本也也增加嘛?所以说他的他现在这一块是比较他最难弄的一点,对吧?。百姓还是苦。对,当然你说百姓也比较复杂,百姓里边如果手里有股票的,最近又破7万点了。不但是但问题是就是说是当然。肯定是现在是牛市,肯定是很有些很多有新入户的。嗯,但是我觉得绝大部分的日本人来说,他的股市的资产还是很少的对,就是真正会买股票的人,其实在日本人比例里面不是很高,就是日元贬值,导致物价上涨这件事情是不是百分百的日本人都有体感的。但是能能有没有金融资产炒股票这件事情可能就是人群中的极少部分。而且就是说现在日本就是现在就是大部分的话还是就是大的就是尤其是可尤其。国外资本跑跑过来套利嘛,就是这个就更多一点。当然这是一个侧面,也能说明现在日本政府的一些左右为难,左寻右知的这样一种状况嘛。行,然后他最近呢在G开会嘛,还插一句那个那个日营的行长,结果还住院这个我觉得这压力太大,我觉得是压力太大。嗯嗯,因为上次他加戏已经被右右翼,骂了个狗且临头了。女性在这个加了等于没加呀,加了等于没加。对,所以说。场面不讨好嘛,就效果我们没有达到预想到一个效果。然后呢,那些右翼还是会就继续骂你。因为而现日本右翼啊,就是还是回到安倍晋三那个话题,已经被多年的第二次安倍政权已经训练成一套思路模式了,就是一定是三支剑那个东西才最适合日本的,尤其那个金融宽松政策嘛。,这个词对吧,随时彼时对啊,但是他们就就是怎么说呢?就是没法举一反三。对,就是根据现行最新的一个情况做一个应对,只能抱着这个东西。然后高手扫描又是那群人里边非常教教条主义的,就是一定要希望是说那个呃怎么说呢?就是低低利率是吧,甚至是低汇率呃用来保所谓的日本的一个经济。但是怎么说,这个我觉得经济今今天不是最主要的一个题目啊,但是跟大家大概解释一下,目前现在日本经济社会遇到的一些现状嘛,就这样。然后他本人现在在G seven万开会嘛,也不知道能开出什么东西啊,然后呢。呃,反正就是呃他现在现在有一种就是他说他的就是咱们呢也就是也就听过算了。因为他最近不是又有表态嘛,对吧?在GC里边是说G份上点名中国对,点名中国说中国的一些对日本的一些禁运措施。其实是有违背就各种那样的这样那样的一些规国际准则的对吧?然后呢他的目的肯定很明确嘛,希望在GC里边引起一些共鸣,大家站站他一起发点什么联合声明什么的,但是我其他。国家不可能在这个问题上对他有非常大的一个支持的对。当然了,现在欧盟嗯最近跟中国的关系也比较微妙。过双方有双方由由于贸易的这种嗯问题也比较微妙。对,但即便是这样,其实我觉得欧盟我觉得也很难形成一个统一的意见,就是说是能够给他背书啊或者怎么样,更何况其C位这个体制本身现在其实已经有点。怎么说呢?转不动的这种感觉了,就已已经显得非常不合时宜了。包括你看创普这次续C夫。态度的就是说第一个嘛是说I boss对,就最最后一个来就我M boss。对,然后就说俄乌战争跟我们没有关系嘛,俄乌战争是你们欧洲人的事情,我们只负责卖卖军货。对对,然后然后这个态度本身我觉得其实就已已经很说明,就是说以原来以美国为首,这个谁在用这个体系本身。他的存在的合理性其实已经变得越来越脆弱了。嗯,在这个情况之下啊,在一个已经显示出疲态的一个国际性的一个组织,你在那里方希望抱团取暖。呃,本身就是既找错了对象,也找错了场合。嗯,其实我觉得你不会有什么实际上的这些东西的,包括这一次像马克龙还怎么说的?就。还一开始还考虑说啊能不能邀请中国一起去参与对话什么,我想为什么为什么要踩你的?为什么要踩礼?就说这个这个是也是属于这种马克龙头,其实他也是在最后跛脚的末期,开始希望为自己留点政治遗产这种。对对对对,反正。我看这两天前一天嘛那个高速扫描点名中国说我们的那个一些禁运措施的问题。今天没有说他的还是那句话嘛,就是我们的对话永远是open的。然后是就是就是他我现在觉得就是他缺乏办法,没办法没他没办法,因为我完全我们现在完全不搭理他,完全不搭理语的话,就汉字默杀。对,默杀,就随便你去吧。对对吧?等着你现在的然后呢,就看其实我们现在也看出来了,他其实也。已经在开始面对各种各样的问题了,对对吧?而且今天我们要说的这个事情。之前我跟邵老师谈到说这个问题他处理不好的话,真的会让他整个崩盘都有可能,就有可能熬不过夏天。对,就是如果整个崩盘的话,但是因为我们经历过前面那个他那个选举,真的人脸皮厚起来,你也是挡不住的啊,但是呢跟大家说,我们因为看观察日本的政坛很长时间嘛。就是他的一个特点就是你不光要看那个所谓的叫民意调查的。那些数据对他的支持率主要是要看你要品一个什么东西呢,自民党内部这几个大佬是不是还愿意再去战他。比如说最主要的是麻城太郎什么态度对吧?或者暗天文雄这种人怎么什么态度,当哪天他们会觉得说好像你已经开始影响到自民党的一些权利的核心利益,或者是影响到他们的一些呃怎么说呢?支持度的时候,他们会选择抛弃你到那个时候,因为告诉咱描有点孤家寡人的对对吧?你不是还做了一个让AI。帮你统计嘛,对,就是什么他上台到现在有10%几的日子是不出门的对?我之前是让他去做了一个统计,就是从他去年的10月份上台到现在呃就是他的动向。因为日本的媒体不都是有首相动向嘛,对首相有日嘛,当过记载首相今天见了谁去什么地什么地方。然后我里面就发现一个很有意思的数据,就是他有现在也就200多天嘛。对,大概有40多天是中日在宅,就中日在关每天在家。也不出门,而且就是这个概念是什么?就是说是呃他是中日在宅的概念,就是说是没有官员以官方形程去拜访他。嗯,因为如果他接近的官也是有有官事形成,他接接近了谁谁谁的话,也是有嫉录的。就换句话说,就是如果你在家不出门,但是你一天开了很多会会也也也也算有动静也算动静。对对对,就是他的概念就是他现在在任200多天当中有40多天是中日在宅。嗯,就是。进出既没有进出,也没有见任何人,就是也没有就官事活动上也没有见任何人。对呃,这个就是我觉得是在同期的首相里面,其实是非常罕见的非常罕见非常罕见。因般一般用首相的话,他一般可能会有个别的几天,但大部分情况下,他都是要利用充分利用时间去见各种各样的人嘛,然后去协调各种关系嘛。像他这样,这个我当时我当时在朋友圈吐槽了举证,看来是真的是没有朋友没有朋友真这真是没有然后他的没有朋友还体现在就不我有的时候不光是没有朋友。第二个,有些对于知人善任这一块也很有问题。就就牵扯到今天我们这个话题嘛。其实最近呢又赶要讲回那个文春炮这个话题啊,邵老师要不先跟大家简单的咱们介绍一下最近到底发生的这个事儿,为什么让我们甚至做出有些判断。他如果搞得不好的话,熬不过这个夏天的这么一件事啊,就是从5月份开始吧,就是说文春嗯就报报道了一系列有关他的政治上的一些丑闻嗯。😊大致的一个背景就是文春指出,从去年的自民党总裁选开始到今年年初的众议院选举当中,高一个是25年的10月,一个是今年的1月份。对对,就高士的团队嗯或者是他的策进吧。嗯呃是找到了很多日本的网络公司。嗯干什么呢?就是通过AI的生成技术去捏造了很多攻击和重伤,他震敌的一些视频。日本叫诽谤重伤动画。对,或者或者说按按照我们中文圈理解,就水军嘛,水军就是他大量雇佣水军去抹黑自己的政治政主要是在总裁选举的时候抹黑小林方阵和小泉小泉最多,雷锋排排第二,然后就是总裁呃总选举的时候去抹黑。比如说类似于中道啊或者的一些那个反对党之类的。而且他这一方面就是有很多这种病毒式的那个动画或者是影像。嗯还有一些就是像张。僵僵尸账户一样的。嗯,然后比如说他们就会举很多例子呢,就比如说突然你会发现某一个账户会在选举前几天会突然大量的转发,密集集中密转。后到之后,这个账就没有了他说这种情况非常非常多然后的话就是在网络上带风项就网网君嘛。但这个呢我也是回到我之前讲过的你说你们日本人呢是落后世界几个版本,全世界已玩的不要我们现在听这个东西怎么感觉像...(已截断)
The Joe Rogan Experience
(1)
#2516 - Rowan Jacobsen
2h 6m
2026/06/19
📝 AI
总结
🎼The Joe Rogan experience during my day, Joe Rogan podcast by night day.All right. very nice to meet you, man. You too. Thank you. And thanks for doing this work. because you want to talk about a subject that's confused so many people. Is the sun good for you, Is the sun killing you, Why does it give you vitamin D, It's bad for you, Why, Why do people get skin cancer if it's good for you.😊Yeah, it's, it's super complicated. And the messaging has not sort of admitted that. And that was, yeah, a big impetus for the book. When what was your opinion of sun exposure before you start writing this.So I had, you know, I had inherited the conventional wisdom from the institutions that it was really bad. At the same time, I will admit that my instincts.Were that.Maybe it wasn't as bad as they were leading me to believe, because whenever I was in sun. I felt good And I live in Vermont at the by the time winter was reaching like month 6, I felt bad, right, right, It like, there's more here than than we're being told. Yeah, that's, that was my wife's opinion. It's like son can't be bad. It always feels good when you go out there. I'm like, no.It's a little more complicated than that. But that is a the instinct, like it feels great when you're in the sun, like.😊It's like your body wants it. Your body wants it. I mean, we now know that it literally triggers the release of opiates in the brain. sunlight. So yeah, your body wants it and your body rewards you when you get it. So what is the issue. Well, Well, let's go back to the beginning. So you had this idea that sun exposure is probably giving people cancer and sunscreens good, You need more sunscreen, instead of the suns. So when you started going into the research, What made you shift your opinion. So it really started for me, like 7 or.Years ago, I was on this like science journalism fellowship. So I was just doing research. and some of those studies hit the one about opiate release in the brain and other studies showing that when light hit skin.Cognition actually improves, like your metabolism.Canks up a little bit when if when the body feels sunlight coming in. And I thought that's interesting. That's all good stuff. Then I came across a couple other studies that seem to indicate that sunlight could lower blood pressure, which was really interesting. So then, you know, I still have the sense, sunlight bad, right? So then I remember just like Googling like, So how much does sunlight like.😊Shortten your lifespan.And like the punchline is sunlight seems to extend your lifespan. So when I hit that, I was like, why are we not hearing this, So that was the beginning.And so then so what is the problem, Like what, what is the issue with sunlight, Like when you think about skin cancer, what are the confounding factors that lead to skin cancer. Are we completely aware of that.It's more complicated than we thought. So sunlight does.Increase your risk of getting cancer, but.ItDepending on the type of skin cancer you're talking about, it's not necessarily like a linear relationship.So, yes, in general, too much sun increases your risk of skin cancer. But yeah, the question is, what are the confounding factors, How important is skin cancer compared to these other things, If sunlight reduces your risk of other diseases, how does that weigh against.The risk of skin cancer, so.It's not the type of thing that can be done in a 30 second PSA.Right, so, so sun cancer that does cause skin cancer. excusecus me, Sun exposure that does cause skin cancer., what is causing it, Why is it happening, So ultraviolet light, which is the most energy intense part of the solar spectrum. When those photons of light hit your skin. that go inside, right, we absorb all wavelengths of light to a greater lesser degree, And that super high energy, ultraviolet light.If it hits a DNA molecule, it can mess up the DNA molecule and then that can lead to mutations and skin cancer. then it can also indirectly cause skin cancer by creating what are called reactive oxygen species which are free radicals basically So it energizes these atoms that start to steal electrons from other atoms and cause a little chain reaction, which is what a free radical is, So ultraviolet light can increase your free radicals and.Can directly damage DNA.So that's why it could cause skin cancer. So it was basically that learning that one fact back in like the 40s and 50s that made scientists start to say, light skin cancer. maybe we should think about how much sign we're getting. But this wasn't universally accepted, right, There were some people that even back then thought that sun exposure was very healthy for you. Like, when did we figure out that sun causes the body to produce vitamin D. Yeah, that was an important part. And.Part of the story, I think, because that was really back in the 20s that we figured that out. And then even a little earlier, we realized that sunlight could prevent rickets.So Rickets. yeah. So rickets is a like...(已截断)